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First, the style of the works

每一件书画作品都有其特有的时代风格，这是与其所处时代的政治、经济、生活习俗以及物质条件紧密相关的.比如说，山水画在一开始时是不讲究比例的，“人大于山，水不容泛”是它的时代特征。因此，早期的山水画多摄取全形，而等到后来画家知道只要按照比例就可以将大自然缩写在画幅中时，取景才开始向局部发展。

Every book and painting has its own unique style of the times, which is closely related to its times of politics, economy, living customs and material conditions. For example, landscape paintings are not proportions at the beginning. "The people's Congress in the mountains, the water is not flooding" is its characteristics of the times. As a result, early landscape painting takes full shape, and until later painters know that as long as they can be abbreviated to the picture in proportion to the painting, the scene will begin to develop to the local.

书法也是一样。从文学方面来看，不论书写的是诗是文、词汇的运用、事迹的叙述、思想感情的表达等，都能看出它的时代风格。另外书札行款格式和书画件幅也对鉴定书画有一定的帮助.

The same is the same with calligraphy. From the point of view of literature, no matter what writing is poetry, it is the use of words, words, deeds, and thoughts and feelings. In addition, the book format and calligraphy and painting pieces also help to identify calligraphy and painting.

二，艺术家的个人风格

Two, the individual style of the artist

个人风格通常要比时代风格具体得多，艺术家的思想、性格、审美观、习惯甚至使用的工具都各有特点。作画时的运笔、线条、构图、人物相貌等无不反映出作者的个人风格特征。尤其是鉴定近现代的作品，由干时代相近，个人风格则尤其重要。“熟记画家一百八，书法家九十八”说的就是要了解历史文化，熟记历代著名书画家的姓名、字、号、别号，以及他们的经历和他们字、画的特征的道理。

Personal style is usually much more specific than the style of the times. Artists' thoughts, personalities, aesthetics, habits and even the tools used have their own characteristics. The strokes, lines, composition and appearance of the characters in the paintings reflect the author's personal style. In particular, the identification of modern and contemporary works is especially important from the dry age and personal style. "Memorizing painter one hundred and eighty and calligraphers ninety-eight" means to know the history and culture, and remember the names, characters, number and number of the famous calligraphers of the past dynasties, as well as their experiences and the characteristics of their characters and paintings.

三，画具

Three, the painting tool

除了用墨汁，彩色颜料，传统书画工具还有毛笔、宣纸和朱砂等。

Besides ink, color paints, traditional calligraphy and painting tools, brush, Xuan paper and cinnabar.