Comparison of origin and development

（一）起源及发展

(I) origin and development

中国山水画的历史，源远流长。独立的山水画正式出现在魏晋南北朝之间。我们可以从东晋画家顾恺之在《论画》中云：“凡画，人最难，次山水，次狗马，……。”看出此时的山水画已经与人物画相提并论，并且已初步从人物画的陪衬中独立出来。据有关文献记载，顾恺之当时就曾画有《雪霁望五老峰图》、《庐山图》、《望五老峰图》等山水画。另外据史料载，当时的夏侯瞻有《吴山图》，戴逵有《吴溪山邑居图》，戴勃有《九州名山图》等山水画问世，可惜都已经失传，所以我们无法具体知道当时山水画的概貌。但从顾恺之的人物画《洛神赋图》卷和《女史箴图》卷（皆后人摹本）中的部分配景山水中可以领略到当时山水画的大致形貌，画山石只勾染而无皴擦，画水多用线，树干与叶子也用勾染法，多为扇叶子的银杏树。由此可见山水仍在部分的充当人物的衬景，以至于“人大于山、水不容泛”等不太协调的景象出现。有的画中甚至以夸张变形的手法处理树石，追求装饰趣味。但是，此时的山水画理论已经基本成熟，“或强调哲理性的显现，或重视抒情的表达”⑵，而且讨论了空间的表现，奠定了中国山水画的理论基础。画论的出现，就证明山水画艺术即将迈上正确发展的轨道。这样一直到了隋唐时期，中国山水画才可以说是已经完全成熟了，并渐渐形成了独立的画种，同时也出现了展子虔、李思训、王维、张璪、等一大批专画山水的大师。这些大师将山水画逐渐推向高峰。展子虔的《游春图》，反映了隋代或初唐青绿山水画的面目，虽然还没有彻底摆脱装饰的味道，但写实能力已经有了极大的提高，很是能抒发作者的情怀，已能将山水画和人物画及花鸟画的抒情性提升到几乎相同的台阶。只是这时候的技法还比较古老、稚拙，没有具体而鲜明的个人风格。但是，不能否认山水画就是从这里开始正式走上了蓬勃发展的道路。在起源上，中西方的风景画是大致相同的，西方风景画最早同样也是作为人物画的背景出现，在以后才逐步发展成为独立的画科。在西方的艺术史里，我们可以看到14世纪前半叶的意大利壁画，如锡耶纳市政厅的《善政图》，和15世纪初期尼德兰的抄本装饰画上，已经出现了风景在画面上占很大比重的作品。这些作品中的风景和早期的中国山水画同样的命运，只是作为人物的搭配。真正没有人物登场的纯粹风景画最早是以素描等小画面形式出现的。从15世纪起，风景在为人物画的做了一个多世纪的背景后终于脱离这种陪衬的命运而走上了独立的道路，成为了独立的画种。在德国画家丢勒的水彩画和阿尔特多费尔的油画中，出现不少风景画，从这些风景画中可以看出作者对风景刻意的描绘。但这时的风景画也不是很成熟，在艺术上达到成熟则要等到了17世纪的荷兰，才可以算是“媳妇熬成了婆”。荷兰的著名画家雷斯达尔、维米尔、霍贝玛对风景画的发展都做出了较大的贡献。这时，在风景画繁荣发展的同时又产生海景画、夜景画、街景画等分支。意大利的卡拉奇等人在当时还发展了“理想风景画”，描绘理想中的恬淡的田园风景，这似乎与中国山水画家所追求的“心中的天地”有几分神似。还有法国的普桑、克洛德·洛兰在风景画中配置很多古代的神话人物作为点缀，这些作品被称为是“英雄风景画”。克洛德·洛兰用逆光表现早晨或黄昏的景色在当时极具特色。而在西班牙，格列柯、委拉斯贵支等大师也留下不少传世的风景画名作。直至18世纪，英国出现了伟大的康斯特布尔，才使风景画取得了决定性发展。他学习荷兰画家的风景画，采取直接描写自然的写生方法，收到了很好的效果。不久就影响到法国的印象主义画家。泰纳最初也受荷兰画家的影响，以后又被克洛德·洛兰的画风吸引。19世纪的画家还注意表现高山、大海及晚秋、晨雾等前人不曾描绘过的自然景象。以柯罗、米莱为首的法国巴比松画派，开始采取自然主义的态度来表现风景。19世纪后期，由于印象主义画家的努力，风景画获得明暗和色彩的微妙谐调，并成为绘画中的重要门类，到此完成了西方风景画的发展到完善。

The history of Chinese landscape painting has a long history. The independent landscape painting officially appeared in the Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties. We can from the Eastern Jin Dynasty painter Gu Kaizhi in the "painting" in the cloud: "any painting, the most difficult, sub landscape, dog and horse......" It can be seen that the landscape painting has been compared with the figure painting, and has been initially isolated from the foil of figure painting. According to the relevant literature, Gu Kai Chi had painted landscape paintings such as snow, Wang, Wu Lao Feng, Mount Lu and Wang Lao Feng. In addition, according to the historical data, Xiahou Zhan had "Wu mountain map", Dai Kui had "Wu Xi mountain city", and Dai Bo had "Jiuzhou famous mountain map" and other landscape paintings. Unfortunately, it was lost, so we can not specifically know the general picture of landscape painting at that time. But from Gu Kai's figure painting "Luo Shen Fu painting" volume and "female history monitor" in the part of the landscape landscape can appreciate the landscape painting at the time of the rough topography of the landscape, painted mountain and stone only dye and no chapped, water multi use line, tree trunk and leaves also use ginkgo, mostly leaf ginkgo tree. It can be seen that the landscape is still part of the scene of the characters, so that "people's mountains, water can not pan" and other less coordinated appearance. Some paintings even use exaggerated deformation to deal with tree and stone and pursue decorative interest. But, at this time, the theory of landscape painting has been basically mature,diefa.75ix.cnjiaoguank.75ix.cn qidongqiufa.75ix.cn qibijiz.89ix.com qibijixie.89ix.com jianchajing.75ix.cn "or emphasize the philosophical manifestation, or attach importance to the expression of lyric" (2) and discuss the expression of space, and lay the theoretical foundation of Chinese landscape painting. The emergence of painting theory proves that the art of landscape painting will soon be on the right track of development. This has been to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Chinese landscape painting can be said to be fully mature, and gradually formed an independent painting, at the same time, there are also a large number of masters of landscape painting, such as Zhan Zi Fu, Li Sixun, Wang Wei, Zhang Zao, and so on. These masters gradually pushed the landscape painting to the peak. Zhan Zi's "spring map" reflects the face of the Qing green landscape painting in the Sui Dynasty or the early Tang Dynasty, although it has not completely rid of the taste of the decoration, but the realistic ability has been greatly improved, it can express the feelings of the author. It has been able to raise the lyric of landscape painting and figure painting and flower and bird painting to almost the same step. At this time, the techniques are still old and childish, without specific and distinct personal style. However, we can not deny that the landscape painting started from here formally on the road of vigorous development. In the origin, Chinese and Western landscape painting is roughly the same, western landscape painting is also the same as the background of the figure painting, in the future, it gradually developed into an independent painting section. In the history of art in the west, we can see the Italy frescoes in the first half of the fourteenth Century, such as the "good government map" of the city hall of Siena, and the copy of the copy of NID in the early fifteenth Century. The scenery in these works and the early Chinese landscape paintings are just the same as the match of characters. The pure landscape painting without real characters came first in the form of sketches and other small pictures. Since fifteenth Century, the landscape has taken more than a century of background for the figure painting, and finally divorced from the fate of the foil, and became an independent painting. In the watercolor painting of German painter and Al Tedo Phil's oil painting, there are many landscape paintings, from which the author can see the author's painstakingly portrayal of the landscape. But at this time, the landscape painting is not very mature. In art, we have to wait until seventeenth Century in Holland. The famous painters of Holland, Ray Starr, Vermeer and ho Bei ma have made great contributions to the development of landscape painting. At this time, in the development of landscape painting, there are branches of sea scenery, nightscape and streetscape. Italy's Karachi and others developed the "ideal landscape painting" at that time, depicting the ideal and tranquil pastoral landscape, which seemed to be somewhat similar to the "heaven and earth" of the Chinese landscape painters. And Poussin and Claude Loran in France are decorated with ancient mythological figures in the landscape, which are called "heroic landscapes". Claude Loran's reflection of morning or evening with backlight is very characteristic at that time. In Spain, Greco and Venezuela guru have left many masterpieces of landscape paintings handed down for generations. It was not until eighteenth Century that Great Britain emerged in Constable that led to the decisive development of landscape painting. He learned the landscape paintings of Holland painters, and adopted the method of sketching the nature directly, and received very good results. The impressionist painter of France was soon affected. Tanner was initially influenced by Holland painters, and later attracted by Claude Loran's style. In nineteenth Century, painters also noted natural scenes such as mountains, seas, late autumn, morning fog, and so on. The French Pai song song school, led by Coehlo and Millay, began to adopt a naturalistic attitude to show the scenery. In the late nineteenth Century, because of the efforts of Impressionist painters, landscape painting got the subtle harmonization of shade and color, and became an important category in painting. This completed the development of Western landscape painting to perfection.